ثقافة ومعلومات عامة

أصل اللغة العبرية ومراحل تطورها بالتفصيل

تشبه اللغة العبرية الكثير من اللغات القديمة حيث تنتمي إلى اللغات السامية كما تشبة الكثير من اللغات مثل اللغة الفينيقية واللغة العمونية والمؤابيين، ويطلق علىها اللغة اليهودية وذلك لانتمائها للمجتمع اليهودي، وهي من اللغات المقدسة فقد نزل بها التوراة وكانت تعرف بأسم لغة كنعان نسبة لاسم ورد في التوراة.

مراحل تطور اللغة العبرية وظهورها

لقد كانت اللغة العبرية شديدة التأثر بالظروف والأحوال السياسية ويعود تاريخ اللغة العبرية إلى حوالي أربع آلاف سنة تقريبا، مرت خلالها هذه اللغة بالكثير من التطور؛ فتارة تزدهر، وتارة أخرى تختفي، وأحيانا تموت تماما، و يمكن تقسيم المراحل التي مرت بها اللغة العبرية على النحو التالي:

1- مرحلة العبرية القديمة

المراحل القديمة للعبرية

  • وتبدأ هذه المرحلة في القرن العاشر قبل الميلاد.
  • وانتشرت اللغة العبرية في المناطق الجبلية في فلسطين.
  • وكانت تتميز اللغه العبرية عن باقي اللغات الأجنبية بالنقاء والبعد.
  • وكانت اللغة الرسمية لكثير من الأعمال الادبية في العهد القديم.
  • وهناك كثير من النقوش الاثرية من الحجارة والصخور مكتوبة باللغة العبرية .

2- مرحلة تدهور اللغة العبرية

  • وتبدأ هذه المرحلة في القرن الخامس قبل الميلاد، حيث بدأ استخدام اللغة العبرية يقل تدريجيا ويحل محلها اللغة الآرامية كلغة للتخاطب والادب أما اللغة العبرية فكانت تستخدم في المجال الديني فقط.
  • وذلك بسبب أسر بابل واليهود على يد بختنصر نبوخذ نصر عام 586 ق.م، حيث انهار سلطانهم السياسي، وحدث تفكك شديد بين اليهود، حينئذٍ بدأت اللغة العبرية تتدهور شيئاً فشيئاً.
  • وأخذت اللغة الآرامية تحل محلها شيئاً فشيئا، حتى قضت عليها نهائيا بعد فترة وجيزة.
  • وماتت اللغة العبرية كلغة حديث وتخاطب وكلغة أدبية أيضا، وظلت تستعمل كلغة دينية فقط.
  • وذلك على الرغم من محاولات حاخام الحاخامات الحفاظ على اللغة العبرية، ولكنهم فشلوا في مواجهة الصراع القائم آنذاك بين العبرية والآرامية.

3مرحلة العبرية التلمودية

 نص من التلمود

  • في هذه المرحلة تم إعتماد اللغة الآرامية كلغة رسمية للبلاد واتجهوا زعماء الدين في تلك الفترة إلى شرح وترجمة العهود السابقة من اللغة العبرية إلى اللغة العامية حتى يفهمها اليهود فكتبوا (المشناه والجمارا والتلمود).
  • واصبحت تخالف تلك الكتب عن أصلها العبري القديم من حيث الروح والألفاظ والتراكيب كما احتوت على معاني من اللغات الأخرى مثل اللغة العربية ، و اللغة اليونانية ، و اللغة الفارسية .
  •  وذلك بعد انهيار الوحدة السياسية لليهود، وانقراض اللغة العبرية، وبعد أن أصبحت الآرامية هي اللغة الرسمية والتي يفهمها اليهود ويتحدثون بها لكي يفهم اليهود أصول وطقوس يهودية الدين اليهودي.
  • وكانت لغة هذه الكتب مختلفة تماما في روحها وألفاظها وتراكيبها عن عبرية العهد القديم، فظهر فيها التأثر الشديد باللغة الآرامية.

4- العصر المستورتي الطبري

  • وفي هذه المرحلة رجعت قوة اللغة اليهودية نتيجة امتداد المناطق التي سيطرت عليها العرب إلى فلسطين حيث تمتع اليهود في هذه الفترة بالرفاهية الفكرية.
  •   فقاموا بكتابة كتاب المستورتيين وهو كتاب يوضح أسس عمليات التشكيل والتنقيط في اللغة العبرية والتي استخدمت كأساس لنظام التنقيط في العبرية حتى الآن .

5- العصر الذهبي

  • وفي هذا العصر ازدهرت اللغة العبرية في المجال الأدبي أثناء حياتهم في بلاد الأندلس العربية، فبيئة التسامح والتعايش في الأندلس ساعدت على ازدهار الحياة الأدبية في اللغة العبرية والعربية.
  • وظهور بعض الشخصيات التي لها تأثير واضح في العديد من الكتابات اليهودية واللغوية والدينية العبرية كحاخام موسى بن ميمون سعديا الفيومي.
  • ويسمي هذا العصر بالعصر الذهبي حيث ازدهرت اللغة العبرية ازدهاراً كبيراً في ذلك الوقت وانتهت مع سقوط دولة الأندلس.

6- فترة الهسكلاة

أدباء الهسكلاه

  • وتبدأ هذه الفترة في بداية القرن الثامن عشر في فترة الثمانيات والتي ظهر فيها الأدب العلماني باللغة العبرية.
  • والتي بدأت على يد أدباء المتنورون والذين ظهروا في وسط أوروبا وخاصة ألمانيا ثم انتشرت في المجر والتشيك وإيطاليا وغيرها من الدول حتى وصلت إلى بلاد شرق أوروبا وروسيا وبولندا.
  • المتنورون ( المسكيليم ) بدأوا في العمل على إحياء اللغة العبرية بطرق مباشرة وغير مباشرة وتحويلها إلى لغة تحّدثُ بين الناس.
  • في البداية كانت الغرض من توسيع اللغة العبرية من أجل استخدامها في الكتابة.
  • ثم تطورت إلى خلق لغة مركبة ترتبط بجميع الجوانب المختلفة ثم حاولوا كثيرين إلى تحويلها إلى لغة المشناه وباقي جوانب اللغة العبرية إلى مصدر شرعية لتطوير اللغه ثم زاد الطموح إلى جعل اللغة العبرية لغة تحدث رسمية للجماهير .

7- العصر الحديث

  • مع احتلال اليهود لفلسطين استمر اللغويين في جعل اللغة العبرية هي لغة أساسية في كتابة الكُتب والصُحف في الشوارع،  ثم استمر التعديل على اللغة من أجل جعلها لغة سهلة على اللسان حتى نجحوا في الخروج باللغة العبرية الحديثة المعاصرة.
  • والتي تأسست مع المجمع اللغوي العبري عام 1889 بواسطة مجموعة من المثقفين في القدس على رأسهم إليعيزر بن يهودا،  وقد وضعوا أسس لبناء اللغه وهي :
  • تحديد مصطلحات تخص مجال التعليم والمدارس ومجالات الحياة العملية والعلمية، اتباع طرق للنطق الصحيح والكتابة وحل مشاكل النحوية، في النهاية أصبحت اللغة العبرية هي اللغة الرسمية لإسرائيل ويستخدم في العديد من مجالات الحياه مع انها تختلف عن اللغة العبرية التوراتية القديمة .

الدول التي تتكلم اللغة العبرية

تعتبر اللغة العبرية هي اللغة الرسمية للكيان الصهيوني المحتل لدولة فلسطين العربية، وتعتبر لغة أقلية معترف بها في دولتي بولندا وجنوب أفريقيا والذي يقوم بتنظيمها هي أكاديمية اللغة العبرية

خصائص اللغة العبرية

تتكون اللغة العبرية من 22 حرفاً ولها خمس خصائص مختلفة محددة وهي:

  1. تُكتب بصورة منفصلة ، أي أنها لا تتصل ببعضها البعض عندما تجتمع في كلمة.
  2. تُكتب من اليمين إلى اليسار تماماً كاللغة العربية
  3.  يختلف شكل كتابتها في أحرف الطبع عن شكلها في أحرف اليد
  4.  جميع الأحرف العبرية تكتب فوق السطر ، باستثناء الأحرف النهائية للكلمات وعددها 5 أحرف ، وقد اصطلح علماء اللغة العبرية على كتابة هذه الحروف بشكل يختلف حسب موضعها في الكلمة وتسمى هذه الأحرف “סופית سوفيت” أي نهائية. هذه الأحرف هي (כ – ך, מ-ם, נ-ן, פ-ף و צ-ץ)
  5. اصطلح اليهود على ترتيب حروفها حسب مبدأ ” أبجد هوز حطي كلمن سعفص قرشت”. ومن يحفظ هذا المبدأ يحفظ ترتيب الأحرف العبرية.

حروف اللغة العبرية

عدد كلمات اللغة العبرية

  1. عدد الكلمات العبرية الحاخامية الموثقة أقل من 20000، منها (1) 7879 كلمة ربانية بامتياز، أي أنها حديثة (عدد الجذور العبرية الحاخامية الجديدة 805).
  2.  حوالي 6000 مجموعة فرعية من العبرية التوراتية؛ و (3) عدة آلاف من الكلمات الآرامية التي من الممكن أن يكون لها شكل عبري.
السابق
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التالي
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