وصايا الرسول في خطبة الوداع
كانت حجة الوداع لقاء توصية ووداعٍ خاطب فيها النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم البشرية عامة، بعد أن أدى الأمانة، وبلغ الرسالة، ووضح مبادئ الرحمة والإنسانية، وقد نزل فيه الوحي مبشرا “اليوم أكملت لكم دينكم وأتممت عليكم نعمتي ورضيت لكم الإسلام دينا”.
محتويات المقالة
وصايا حجة الوداع
أوصيكم عباد الله بتقوى الله وأحثكم على طاعته وأستفتح بالذي هو خير. أما بعد أيها الناس اسمعوا مني أبين لكم فإني لا أدري لعلى لا ألقاكم بعد عامي هذا في موقفي هذا.
حرمة النفس والمال، أيها الناس إن دماءكم وأعراضكم حرام عليكم إلى أن تلقوا ربكم كحرمة يومكم هذا في شهركم هذا في بلدكم هذا ألا هل بلغت اللهم فاشهد، فمن كانت عنده أمانة فليؤدها إلى من ائتمنه عليها.
حرمة الربا، وإن ربا الجاهلية موضوع ولكن لكم رؤوس أموالكم لا تظلمون ولا تظلمون وقضى الله أنه لا ربا. وإن أول ربا أبدأ به عمي العباس بن عبد المطلب.
ترك الثأر والحث على التسامح والصفح الجميل، وإن دماء الجاهلية موضوعة، وإن أول دم نبدأ به دم عامر بن ربيعة بن الحارث بن عبد المطلب وإن مآثر الجاهلية موضوعة غير السدانة والسقاية والعمد قود وشبه العمد ما قتل بالعصا والحجر وفيه مائة بعير، فمن زاد فهو من أهل الجاهلية – ألا هل بلغت اللهم فاشهد.اعتدال الزمن والمواقيت علي أصولها الصحيحة، أما بعد أيها الناس إن الشيطان قد يئس أن يعبد في أرضكم هذه، ولكنه قد رضي أن يطاع فيما سوى ذلك مما تحرقون من أعمالكم فاحذروه على دينكم، أيها الناس إنما النسئ زيادة في الكفر يضل به الذين كفروا يحلونه عاماً ويحرمونه عاما ليوطئوا عدة ما حرم الله فيحلوا ما حرم الله، وإن الزمان قد استدار كهيئته يوم خلق الله السماوات والأرض، وإن عدة الشهور عند الله اثنا عشر شهراً في كتاب الله يوم خلق الله السماوات والأرض، منها أربعة حرم ثلاثة متواليات وواحد فرد: ذو القعدة وذو الحجة والمحرم ورجب مضر الذي بين جمادى وشعبان – ألا هل بلغت اللهم فاشهد.
الوصية بالنساء خيرا، أما بعد أيها الناس إن لنسائكم عليكم حقاً ولكم عليهن حق. لكم أن لا يواطئن فرشهم غيركم، ولا يدخلن أحداً تكرهونه بيوتكم إلا بإذنكم ولا يأتين بفاحشة، فإن فعلن فإن الله قد أذن لكم أن تعضلوهن وتهجروهن في المضاجع وتضربوهن ضرباً غير مبرح، فإن انتهين وأطعنكم فعليكم رزقهن وكسوتهن بالمعروف، واستوصوا بالنساء خيراً، فإنهن عندكم عوان لا يملكن لأنفسهن شيئاً، وإنكم إنما أخذتموهن بأمانة الله واستحللتم فروجهن بكلمة الله فاتقوا الله في النساء واستوصوا بهن خيراً – ألا هل بلغت اللهم فاشهد.
وجوب أداء الأمانة، أيها الناس إنما المؤمنون إخوة ولا يحل لامرئ مال لأخيه إلا عن طيب نفس منه – ألا هل بلغت اللهم فاشهد.
التأكيد على عقيدة الإيمان بالله، فلا ترجعن بعدى كافراً يضرب بعضكم رقاب بعض، فإني قد تركت فيكم ما إن أخذتم به لن تضلوا بعده: كتاب الله وسنة نبيه، ألا هل بلغت اللهم فاشهد. أيها الناس إن ربكم واحد وإن أباكم واحد كلكم لآدم وآدم من تراب أكرمكم عند الله اتقاكم، وليس لعربي على عجمي فضل إلا بالتقوى – ألا هل بلغت اللهم فاشهد قالوا نعم – قال فليبلغ الشاهد الغائب.8. الموراريث وتنظيم الأسرة
أيها الناس إن الله قد قسم لكل وارث نصيبه من الميراث ولا يجوز لوارث وصية، ولا يجوز وصية في أكثر من ثلث، والولد للفراش وللعاهر الحجر. من ادعى إلى غير أبيه أو تولى غير مواليه فعليه لعنة الله والملائكة والناس أجمعين لا يقبل منه صرف ولا عدل. والسلام عليكم
متى كانت خطبة الوداع؟
- وفي الخامس من شهر ذي القعدة: من السنة العاشرة للهجرة أعلن الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم عزمه زيارة بيت الله الحرام حاجا.
- وهي حجة النبي بالمسلمين يوم عرفة من جبل الرحمة: في السنة العاشرة من الهجرة بعد فتح مكة في 20 رمضان للسنة الثامنة للهجرة، وسميت هذه الحجة حجة الوداع، فكانت أول وآخر حجة للنبي وقد توفي بعدها بثلاثة أشهر تقريبا.
- خطبة حجة الوداع: وحضرها ما يقرب من مائة وخمسة وعشرين ألفاً من الناس في مشهد عظيم مهيب.
ما هو يوم الحج الأكبر
يوم الحج الأكبر هو يوم النحر (وهو اليوم العاشر من شهر ذي الحجة). وقد أخرج أبو داود في سننه، أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم وقف يوم النحر في الحجة فقال: ( أي يوم هذا ؟ ) فقالوا: يوم النحر، فقال: (هذا يوم الحج الأكبر).
لماذا سمي يوم النحر بيوم الحج الأكبر
- ليلة الوقوف بعرفة.
- والمبيت بالمشعر الحرام.
- وأعمال الحج بمعناها الكامل من الرمي والنحر والطواف والسعي، أي كافة المراحل والأركان.
ويوم الحج هو الزمن، والحج الأكبر هو العمل فيه، وقد ورد في سورة التوبة يوم الحج الأكبر حيث قال تعالى : ( وأذان من الله ورسوله إلى الناس يوم الحج الأكبر ).
المصادر:
1- نص خطبة الوداع الكامل
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