سبب شهرت قرصان البحار خير الدين بربروس
- يُعرف خير الدين بربروس بأمير البحار، وهو أحد أكبر قادة الأساطيل العثمانية وأحد رموز الجهاد البحري، فقد عينه السلطان سليمان القانوني كقائد عام لجميع الأساطيل، في هذا المقال نتعرف على أهميته وأثره البالغ في المجتمع وقتها.
محتويات المقالة
لماذا سُمي خير الدين بربروس بهذا الإسم؟
- خضر بن يعقوب (قائد القوات البحرية ووالي الجزائر وقتها) عُرف باسم خضر ريس (لقبٌ لقباطين البحر) وتلقب بخير الدين أيضًا، وعُرف في أوروبا ببارباروسا، ومعناها صاحب اللحية الحمراء، إذ أن الأوروبيون لقبوا أخاه الأكبر عروج ريس باسم عروج بارباروسا بسبب لحيته الحمراء، وبعد استشهاده أطلقوا الاسم ذاته على خضر شقيقه من بعد.
أثر السلطان خير الدين بربروس.
- لم يكن خير الدين بربروس نجماً عابراً في سماء النصف الأول من القرن السادس عشر الميلادي، فلقد كان مدرسةً خلفت آثاراً عميقةً في الجزائر وشمال إفريقيا والدولة العثمانية عامة.
- بدأ خير الدين في التجارة والتفت هو وإخوتَه إلى الجهاد البحري بفعل القرصنة التي كان يمارسها فرسان رودس والقوى الصليبية الأخرى في المتوسط، فتعلم القتال وفنون الحرب بنفسه، ثم تعلم قيادة السفن الحربية، ثم قيادة قواتٍ بحريةٍ بإمارته، ثم إمارة قلعةٍ، فإمارة ولايةٍ بما فيها من تنظيمٍ وإدارةٍ وسياسةٍ وتجييش جيوشٍ وتدريبها وقيادتها، ثم إدارة الأسطول العثماني بأجمعه بما فيه رسم السياسة البحرية لدولةٍ عظمى بحجم الدولة العثمانية وتخطيطها وإدارتها، ونجح نجاحًا كبيرًا في ذلك كله.
- كان للسلطان خير الدين بربروس كاريزما شخصية مميزة فتخرّج على يديه قباطنة عظام وإداريون كبار كربيبه حسن نائبه على الجزائر، وابنه حسن والي الجزائر ثلاث مراتٍ ثم قبطان باشا الأسطول، وصهره طرغود ريس والي طرابلس الغرب ومحررها من فرسان مالطا، وسنان ريس، وبيري ريس، وآيدين ريس، وصالح ريس والي الجزائر ومحرر بُجّاية وكوردغلو ريس ودلي محمد ريس ومراد ريس وغيرهم كثر.
- ولم تك هزائمه هينةً لكن قليلةً بالمقارنة بما حققه لأنه عرف دائماً بالجهد والمواظبة والعمل الدؤوب كيف يحول الهزيمة إلى نصر.
- ومع كونه مخططاً بارعاً كان منفذاً جيداً أيضاً، فمع أنه لم يك ضابط مدفعيةٍ لكنه استخدمها يكفاءةٍ كما في بروزة، ولم يك يسمح لعدوه أن يجره إلى ميدانٍ يَخْبُرُه أكثر منه، فهو لم يسمح في بروزة بالمواجهة إلا في البحر المفتوح ليستطيع استغلال إمكانات سفنه الخفيفة في سرعة الحركة والمناورة ويحرم خصمه من ميزة سفنه الضخمة البطيئة ضعيفة المناورة.
- وعندما خسر الأسطول العثماني في ليبانت (1571)؛ لرفض قائده نصيحة قباطنته بعدم الاشتباك في المضيق والخروج للبحر المفتوح- كان والي الجزائر قلج علي باشا قائد الميسرة تلميذ طرغود ريس -الذي يمكن عدّه من الجيل الثاني لهذي المدرسة- وفياً لهذه المبادئ فاستطاع بمناوراتٍ ماهرةٍ أن يدمر أسطول فرسان مالطا وينجوَ بأسطوله (الجزائري) سليماً ما دفع السلطان لأن يجمع له منصبي قيادة الأسطول وولاية الجزائر بعد مقتل قائد الأسطول في تلك المعركة.
قديهمك
سبب زيادة شهرة بربروس؟
- زادت شهرة السلطان خير الدين بربروس؛ بسبب غزواته البحرية العظيمة، وهزائمه التي ألحقها بالدول الأوروبية.
- كانت ذروة شهرته معركة بروزة الحاسمة على تحالفٍ من سبع دولٍ أوروبية.
- أهم انتصاراته كانت على الإمبراطور الروماني المقدس والملك الإسباني كارلوس الخامس (شارلكان).
- وضَع نظام السياسة البحرية العثمانية ونظَام أحواضِ بناء السفن العثماني “الترسانة العامرة”.
مذكرات السلطان خير الدين.
مذكرات خير الدين بربروس هو كتاب مذكرات عبارة عن رحلة الأخوين خير الدين بربروس، وعروج بربروس الطويلة في فتح الجزائر، والغزوات التي قاما بها حتى جعلت ملك الإسبان كارلوس يعنف قادته وأميرالاته بقوله “لقد جعلتموني مسخرة بين الملوك، فليس فيكم من يستطيع التصدي لبربروس”
ترجمها من التركية إلى العربية الدكتور محمد دراج أستاذ التاريخ الحديث بجامعة الجزائر، و الكتاب حسب المترجم تم إملاؤه باللغة التركية العثمانية في عصر السلطان سليمان القانوني وبأمر منه، وتُرجم الكتاب إلى لغات عديدة، وحظي اهتمام المؤرخين والباحثين الأتراك والغربيين.
عائلة السلطان خير الدين:
- إسحق ريس.
- عروج ريس.
- إلياس ريس.
زوجات السلطان خير الدين.
- زوجة جزائرية وهي بنت أخ سالم التومي حاكم مدينة الجزائر قبل دخول الأخوين بربروس إليها.
- الزوجة الثانية دونا ماريا، ابنة القائد الإسباني دون دييغو دي غايتانو.
من هم أولاد خير الدين بربروس
- حسن باشا وأمه كانت جزائرية، وبعض المصادر تقول أن اسمه حسان.
- ابنة، وهي زوجة طرغود باشا.
وفاة خير الدين بربروس.
توفي خير الدين بربوس ودُفن في مدفنٍ خاصٍّ في منطقة بشكطاش، المجاورة حالياً للمتحف البحري في إسطنبول.
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