ما هو سلس البول الإلحاحي وأسبابه
لا يعد سلس البول مرضا في حد ذاته، ولكنه يمثل أحد الأعراض الممكنة للعديد من الحالات أو المشاكل الأخرى الصحية، وقد يكون سلس البول أيضا مفاجئا ومؤقتا، وربما يستمر لفترة طويلة، وعلى الرغم من أن سلس البول أكثر شيوعا عند كبار السن، فهو يبقى جزءا غير طبيعي من الشيخوخة.
ويحدث للرجال والنساء معا باختلاف الأسباب، وهي ليست وراثية. فما هو سلس البول؟ وما هي أنواعه؟
محتويات المقالة
ما معنى كلمة سلس البول؟
- هو تسرب البول الذي لا يمكن السيطرة عليه، بسبب فقدان القدرة على التحكم في المثانة، ويتولى هذه العملية كلا من المخ والمثانة التي تعمل بمثابة الخزان المبرمج، مثلها في ذلك مثل سلوك أي عضو آخر في الجسم، يعملان معا بواسطة تبادل الإشارات عندما يكون الشخص مستعدا لعمل شئ.
- وفي هذه الحالة هنا، بمجرد أن يكون الشخص جاهزا للتبول، يرسل الدماغ إشارته ومن خلال هذه العملية تنقبض المثانة وتنفتح المصرات في نفس الوقت، عن طريق الأعصاب الحسية التي تسمح لحركة العضلات إما أن تفرغ أو تحتفظ بالبول.
ما هي أنواع سلس البول؟
هناك أنواع عديدة لسلس البول، ومنها:
- سلس الإجهاد (SUI) : وهو أكثر أنواع المرض شيوعا، ويحدث نتيجة الإجهاد أو الضغط البدني المفاجئ عند رفع الأثقال أو الانحناء أو حتى السعال والعطس، حيث تتمدد عضلات الحوض وتسمح للبول بالهرب، ويتراوح حجم التسرب بين الخفيف والمتوسط، ما يعادل ملء ملعقة كبيرة أو أكثر.
- السلس المُلح: وهو تسرب غير مضبوط للبول يتركز أو يشيع حدوثه في الليل، مما يدفع الشخص إلى الاستيقاظ المفاجئ لصعوبة السيطرة على المثانة، ويسمى أيضا بالسلس الليلي.
- سلس الإفاضة: وهو الشعور بتساقط متكرر لقطرات البول بسبب عدم إفراغ المثانة بالكامل، ويعوض ذلك تسرب صغير في البداية يمكنه أن يكون مستمرا، لينتج عنه كميات كبيرة في نهاية المطاف.
- السلس الوظيفي: وهو تسرب يحدث نتيجة مشكلة ذهينة أو بدنية، تمنع الشخص قهرا أو إدراكا، مثل الأشخاص الذين يعانون من الخرف أو غير القادرين على مغادرة الفراش، والذهاب للمرحاض.
- سلس البول المختلط: ويشير هذا النوع في الغالب إلى مزيج من سلس البول الإجهادي (SUI) وسلس البول الإلحاحي (OAB). وغالبا ما يعاني منه المرضى.
أسباب سلس البول
تظهر الإحصائيات حتى الآن الأسباب الشائعة لأعراض سلسل البول والتي تتمثل في:
- الشيخوخة: فكلما تقدم الشخص في العمر كلما ضعفت لديه المقومات الوظيفية والإدراكية، مما يؤدي إلى تزايد فرص الإصابة المحتملة، كما وضحنا في الأنواع، إلا أن الشيخوخة لا تعد أيضا هي السبب الأول.
- الحمل والولادة: حيث يزيد الحمل من مخاطر الإصابة بسلس البول، وفي هذا الأمر علاقة طردية حيث تكون النساء المصابة في فترة الحمل أكثر عرضة للإصابة مرة أخرى بعد الولادة القيصرية أو الطبيعية.
- انقطاع الطمث: ويكون هذا بسبب انخفاض هرمون الإستروجين.
- التهاب البروستاتا عند الرجال: ويعتمد ذلك على الدواء، فبعض الأدوية تساعد في التخفيف من سلس البول، وبعض الأدوية تجعله أسوأ.
- الصحة العامة: كما تشير الإحصائيات إلى ضرورة العناية بالعادات الغذائية والأنشطة اليومية، ومراقبة السكري والضغط بشكل دوري، والابتعاد عن التدخين.
- السمنة: من العوامل المهمة الأخرى المرتبطة بسلس البول، لضغط الوزن على المنطقة البولية.
سلس البول والمضاعفات
وعلى الرغم من معاناة العديد على مستوى العالم من سلس البول، لكن غير معروف على وجه اليقين الأعداد الحقيقية للمصابين، لأسباب كثيرة متعلقة بالآتي:
- الخوف: يعاني بعض الأشخاص في صمت للحرج من الحديث فقط عن الأمر، ويعتقدون أنه شئ منتهي لا يمكن معالجته.
- التعاسة والاكتئاب: سلس البول ليس مجرد مشكلة طبية، بل يمتد تأثيره على الحياة العاطفية والنفسية والاجتماعية.
- الروتين: يخشى العديد من الأشخاص حتى القيام بالأنشطة اليومية العادية مثل الصلاة، بيد الكثير من الانطباعات السلبية التي تترك شعورا دائما بالعجز والمنع من المشاركة والاستمتاع بالحياة.
- التقييد: حيث يشعر المرضى في كثير من الأحيان أنهم لا يودون الابتعاد كثيرا عن المرحاض.
- يعتقد الكثير من الناس أن سلس البول هو مجرد مشكلة أخرى مرتبطة بعوامل الشيخوخة والتقدم في السن، لكنها ليست كذلك.
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